Study Year of publication Type of
patients/sites
Detection method Number of
patients
Number of
implants/sites
Outcome
Ata-Ali et al. [91] 2011 Peri-implant mucositis vs. healthy implants Hybridization with specific P32 arrays directed against the sRNA ribosomal subunit 34 patients 90 patients Significantly greater P. gingivalis, A.a., T. forsythia and T. denticola in mucositis.
Ata-Ali et al. [92] 2015 Peri-implantitis vs. healthy implants Hybridization with specific P32 arrays directed against the sRNA ribosomal subunit 35 patients
(22 healthy;
13 with peri-implantitis)
78 implants
(54 healthy;
24 with peri-implantitis)
Significantly greater periodontal pathogens in peri-implantitis.
Ata-Ali et al. [93] 2013 Peri-implant mucositis vs. healthy implants Hybridization with specific P32 arrays directed against the sRNA ribosomal subunit 34 patients
(22 healthy;
12 with peri-implant mucositis)
77 implants
(54 healthy;
23 with peri-implant mucositis)
No differences in T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola.
Albertini et al. [94] 2015 Peri-implantitis vs. periodontitis PCR and Culture 33 patients 48 implants + 48 teeth No significant differences of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia, or T. denticola. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans present in 15% of the patients.
Charalampakis et al. [95] 2012 Peri-implantitis Culture NS 139 implants P. intermedia/P. nigrescens: the most representative in magnitude; S. epidermidis more prevalent than S. aureus.
A.a.: not identified in 10 of 161 cases.
Fungi and enterococci: seldom found.
Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization NS 120 implants T. forsythia: the most prevalent followed by T. denticola.
P. gingivalis: less prevalent than P. intermedia, P. nigrescens and P. endodontalis.
S. noxia and A.a.: the least representative.
Both NS 22 implants Culture was unable to detect any of the targeted species in 18.6% of the cases, whereas checkerboard only in 0.7%.
Charalampakis et al. [96] 2011 Peri-implantitis Culture 274 patients pre-treatment NS Detection frequencies: P. intermedia/P. nigrescens (27.3%), AGNB (18.6%), A.a. (6%)
Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization Detection frequencies: T. forsythia (37.3%), T. denticola (31%), P. nigrescens (28.9%), P. endodontalis (28.6%), P. intermedia (25.4%), A.a. (4.2%)
Culture 27 patients post-treatment NS Detection frequencies: AGNB (25.9%), P. gingivalis (25.9%), P. intermedia/P. nigrescens (22.2%), Enterococci (7.4%), A.a. (4%), S. aureus (0%), S. epidermidis (0%), Fungi (0%)
Van Assche et al. [97] 2011 Peri-implant vs. periodontal health Culture, qPCR and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis of 40 species 18 patients 66 implants
(34 rough surface;
32 machined surface)
No statistically significant differences between the two implant designs or level of bone loss.
Similar subgingival composition around implants and teeth.

NS = not specified.