Topic Study Year of publication Study design Evidence level Cleft Aim of the study Sample
size 		Control
group 		Method
assessment 		Effect of nasal molding Effect of alveolar molding Other Outcomes Follow-up Study limit
Three-dimensional analysis
(CAD) 		Singh et al. [61] 2007 Prospective study II UCLP Evaluate with three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry the facial morphology after NAM 25
(NAM + surgery: 15) 		No cleft:
10 		Digital stereophotogrammetry used to capture three-dimensional facial image Three-dimensional facial morphology virtually indistinguishable from the non-cleft - - 37 weeks + 4 weeks after surgery -
Baek and Son [62] 2006 Prospective study II UCLP Assess alveolar molding effect and growth with CAD 16 NA CAD - Reduction cleft gap - 2 months after cheilioplasty No control group
Singh et al. [63] 2005 Prospective study III UCLP Evaluate three-dimensional change nasal morphology with NAM 10 NA Three-dimensional facial image captured with digital stereophotogrammetry Size increase on the cleft and non-cleft side. Symmetry improved - - Before surgical repair No control group
Three-dimensional analysis (CAD) and printing (CAM) Shen et al. [53] 2015 Prospective study II UCLP Evaluate effect three-dimensional printing NAM 17 None Measured on three-dimensional computed tomography scans before and after NAM treatment - Alveolus became more contiguous and cleft gap was reduced 11 patients had mucosal irritation, minor mucosal ulceration, decrease cost of treatment Post treatment (before cheiloplasty) -
Yu et al. [64] 2013 Randomized control study II UCLP Evaluate efficiency of CAD-NAM therapy (7 - 10 pairs of appliances) 30
(CAD-NAM treated: 15) 		Non-presurgical therapy: 15 Measurement on scanned cast - Reduce cleft gap and arch length. Decrease alveolar high - Average 123 days -

UCLP = unilateral cleft lip and/or palate; BCLP = bilateral cleft lip and/or palate; CAD/CAM = computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture.