Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Significance, P < 0.05
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Tt. tissue area (mm2) 14.23 (3.3) 11.39 (2.9) 12.28 (2.1) -
Tt. area of bone (mm2) 6.708 (0.3) 7.061 (0.5) 6.942 (0.7) -
Tt. area of bone graft (mm2) 2.506 (0.6) 0 0 -
% connective tissue/Tt. area 22.99 (5.3) 18.53 (6.2) 34.17 (4.1) 3 vs 2/1
% bone/Tt. tissue area 57.43 (4.8) 60.01 (3.2) 48.85 (2.37) 3 vs 2/1
% graft/Tt. tissue area 16.57 (3.8) 0 0 -
Tt. osteoid area (mm2) 0.568 (0.4) 0.312 (0.2) 0.284 (0.4) 3/2 vs 1
Tt. connective tissue area (mm2) 0.703 (0.1) 0.871 (0.4) 3.943 (0.2) 3 vs 2/1
Tt. bone marrow area (mm2) 2.048 (0.2) 2.265 (0.2) 2.134 (0.3) -
Tt. bone surface (mm) 92.9 (9.8) 82.95 (8.3) 89.76 (9.7) -
Tt. osteoid surface (mm) 25.94 (3.6) 11.71 (2.4) 9.58 (1.7) 3/2 vs 1
% osteoid/Tt. bone surface 21.62 (2.9) 12.06 (2.7) 10.23 (2.1) 3 vs 2/1
Trabecular thickness (um) 170.3 (14.5) 181.8 (15.9) 142.4 (11.4) 3 vs 2/1
Trabecular number (mm-1) 3.64 (1.1) 4.21 (1.4) 3.89 (0.6) -
Trabecular space (um) 125.5 (12.5) 124.3 (11.9) 112.7 (14.8) 3 vs 2/1
% inflammatory cells/Tt. tissue area 1 1 1 -

SD = standard deviation; Tt. = total biopsy core.
Group 1, treated with graft and membrane; Group 2, treated with membrane alone; Group 3, spontaneously healed.