Table 3

Study	Year of publication	Number of patients	Materials and methods			Outcome measures
			TMD (mm)	Evaluation methods	Follow-up	Transverse skeletal expansion		Transverse skeletal relapse	Dental arch expansion				Dental arch relapse
			TMD (mm)	Evaluation methods	Follow-up	Mean (SD), mm		Mean (SD), mm	Mean (SD), mm				Mean (SD), mm
Landes et al. [22]	2008	9	> 4	CT-scan	3 months	NR		NR	Region	PO - PD			NR
Landes et al. [22]	2008	9	> 4	CT-scan	3 months	NR		NR	ICD	3.8 (0.2)^a			NR
Gunbay et al. [23]	2009	7	NR	Dental cast X-ray	40 months (36 - 48)	Region	PO - PD	NR	Region	PO - PD			NR
						BG	2.4 (0.5)^b		CID	2.1 (1.8)^b
						BG	2.4 (0.5)^b		ICD	3.9 (1.9)^d
						BAG	2.3 (0.5)^b		IPMD1	5.8 (1.9)^b
						BAG	2.3 (0.5)^b		IPMD2	5.1 (1.5)^b
						Ramal angle°	-1.6 (1.3)^c		IMD1	3.7 (1)^b
						Ramal angle°	-1.6 (1.3)^c		IMD2	2.5 (1.1)^e
de Gijt et al. [24]	2016	17	NR	Dental cast X-ray	6.5 years	Ramal angle°		Ramal angle°	Region	PO - PD	PO - 1Y	PO - 6.5Y	Region	6.5Y - 1Y	1Y - PO
						PO - PD	PO - 6.5Y	1Y - PD	ICD	4.4 (0.6)ⁱ	2.9 (0.5)ⁱ	2 (0.7)^j	ICD	-0.9 (0.6)^g	-1.5 (0.6)ⁿ
						-1.1 (0.7)^f	0 (1.1)^g	-1.7 (0.7)^h	IPMD	4.9 (0.8)ⁱ	5.2 (0.7)ⁱ	4.1 (0.8)ⁱ	IPMD	-1 (0.7)^l	0.3 (0.7)^g
						-1.1 (0.7)^f	0 (1.1)^g	-1.7 (0.7)^h	IMD	2.4 (0.4)ⁱ	2.9 (0.5)ⁱ	3.8 (0.8)^k	IMD	0.9 (0.4)^m	0.4 (0.3)^g

^aP-value = 0.004 (Wilcoxon signed rank test), ^bP-value < 0.0001 (paired t-test), ^cP = 0.016 (paired t-test), ^dP-value < 0.002 (paired t-test), ^eP-value < 0.001 (paired t-test), ^fP-value = 0.001 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^gP-value = 1 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^hP-value = 0.15 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ⁱP-value < 0.001 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^jP-value = 0.2 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^kP-value = 0.002 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^lP-value = 0.96 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ^mP-value = 0.32 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction), ⁿP-value = 0.16 (mixed models Anova, with a Bonferroni correction).
BAG = biantegonial; BG = bigonial; CID = central incisor distance; CT = computed tomography; ICD = inter-canine distance; IMD = inter-molar distance; IMD1 = first inter-molar distance; IMD2 = second inter-molar distance; IPMD = inter-premolar distance; IPMD1 = first inter-premolar distance; IPMD2 = second inter-premolar distance; NR = not reported; PD = post distraction; PO = preoperative; SD = standard deviation; TMD = transverse mandibular deficit; Y = year.