Table 5

Study	Year of publication	Number of patients	Materials and methods			Outcome measures
			TMD (mm)	Evaluation methods	Follow-up	Transverse skeletal expansion			Transverse skeletal relapse		Dental arch expansion			Dental arch relapse
			TMD (mm)	Evaluation methods	Follow-up	Mean (SD), mm			Mean (SD), mm		Mean (SD), mm			Mean (SD), mm
Malkoc et al. [28]	2006	20	NR	Dental cast X-ray	24.1 (4.2) months	Region	PO - PD	PO - FFU	Region	PD - FFU	Region	PO - PD	PO - FFU	Region	PD - FFU
						BG	-0.3 (6.3)	-0.2 (6.2)	BG	0.1 (6.2)	ICD	7.3 (2.1)^a	4.8 (1.5)^a	ICD	-2.5 (1.5)^a
											IPMD1	6.7 (2.7)^a	5.5 (2.2)^a	IPMD1	-1.2 (2.2)^b
											IPMD2	4.8 (3.1)^a	4.8 (3)^a	IPMD2	0 (3)
						Ramal angle°	-0.1 (5.9)	-0.1 (5.3)	Ramal angle°	0 (5.3)	IMD1	3.3 (3.4)^a	3.7 (3.3)^a	IMD1	0.4 (3.3)
						Ramal angle°	-0.1 (5.9)	-0.1 (5.3)	Ramal angle°	0 (5.3)	IMD2	1.4 (3)^a	1.9 (3.4)^a	IMD2	0.5 (3.4)

^aP-value < 0.001 (paired t-test), ^bP-value < 0.01 (paired t-test).
BG = bigonial; ICD = inter-canine distance; IMD1 = first inter-molar distance; IMD2 = second inter-molar distance; IPMD1 = first inter-premolar distance; IPMD2 = second inter-premolar distance; NR = not reported, PD = post-distraction; PO = preoperative; PR = post-retention; PT = post-treatment; SD = standard deviation; TMD = transverse mandibular deficiency.