First
author
Year of
publication
Location Type of
study
Study
period
Weight/height
measurement
BMI
classification
Adjusted for Outcomes
reported
Waller et al.
[32]
2007 USA Case
control
Oct 1, 1997
to
Dec 31,
2002
Retrospectively
self-reported
by the mother
UW < 18.5
NW ≥ 18.5 to < 25
OW ≥ 25 to < 30
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal race/ethnicity,
maternal age,
maternal educational level,
parity, maternal smoking,
folic acid intake
CP
CLP
Stott-Miller et al.
[46]
2010 Washington,
USA
Case
control
1987
to
2005
Birth certificate
and
drivers license
records
UW < 18.5
NW ≥ 18.5 to < 25
OW ≥ 25 to < 30
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal education,
maternal age,
maternal smoking,
maternal race,
frequency matched for
year of birth
CP
CLP
Watkins et al.
[58]
2003 Atlanta,
USA
Case
control
Jan 1992
to
Aug 1997
Retrospectively
self-reported
by the mother
UW < 18.5
NW 18.5 to 24.9
OW 25 to 29.9
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal age,
education, alcohol use,
smoking,
peri conceptional
vitamin use,
race
CL
CP
CLP
Block et al.
[59]
2013 Florida,
USA
Cross
sectional
Mar 2004
to
Dec 2009
From Birth
certificate
UW < 18.5
NW 18.5 to 24.9
OW 25.0 to 29.9
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal race/ethnicity,
maternal education,
maternal smoking,
maternal marital status,
maternal nativity,
maternal age
CP
CLP
Marengo et al.
[60]
2013 Texas,
USA
Cross
sectional
2005
to
2008
Birth/death
certificates
UW < 18.5
NW 18.5 to 24.9
OW 25 to 29.9
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal age,
maternal race/ethnicity
CP
CLP
Rankin et al.
[61]
2010 North of England,
UK
Cohort
study
Jan 2003
to
Dec 2005
Hospital
records
UW < 18.5
NW 18.5 to 24.9
OW 25 to 29.9
Obese ≥ 30
Maternal age,
maternal ethnicity,
pre-gestational diabetes,
cigarette smoking status,
index of multiple deprivation
CL
CP
CLP

NW = normal weight (reference weight); OW = overweight; UW = underweight; CL = cleft lip; CP = cleft palate; CLP = cleft lip with or without palate.