Table 3. | Studies investigating tumour necrosis factor - α (TNF-α) expression and periodontal diseases |
Study | Study design | Results | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
da Costa et al. [3] | Identification of the on-going inflammatory changes and novel biomarkers for periodontitis in a case-controlled study. | TNF-α levels were elevated compared to controls. | TNF-α levels could be of great importance to the assessment of disease progression. |
Frodge et al. [4] | TNF-α levels in unstimulated whole saliva of 74 adults in a case-control clinical study. | Salivary levels of TNF-α were higher in individuals with periodontal disease than in controls. | TNF-α levels could facilitate the screening, diagnosis, and management of periodontal disease. |
Rosa et al. [7] | Analysis of proteome results using the OralOme database. | TNF-α proposed to be promising but data are scarce. | Further quantitative proteomic studies are needed. |
Noh et al. [20] | Quantification TNF-α levels of patients with periodontitis. | TNF-α expression consistently high. | Measurement of TNF-α may be beneficial in the identification of patients with periodontitis. |
Kato et al. [21] | Determine the effect of TNF-α on invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival epithelial cells. | Invasion of P. gingivalis augmented by stimulation with TNF-α and inhibited by treatment with an antibody to TNF receptor-1. | Involvement of TNF-α in the onset of periodontal diseases. |
Liao et al. [22] | Simulate the expression of TNF-α of periodontal tissues in rat periodontitis model. | TNF-α expression of the periodontitis group was significantly higher. | TNF-α expression reached higher levels than control groups. |
Singh et al. [23] | Evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking on salivary levels of TNF-α in patients with chronic periodontitis. | Data revealed higher levels of TNF-α in diabetic subjects followed by smokers, and chronic periodontitis group. | Diabetes and smoking exacerbated salivary levels of TNF-α in chronic periodontitis cases. |