Study Study design Results Conclusions
da Costa et al. [3] Identification of the on-going inflammatory changes and novel biomarkers for periodontitis in a case-controlled study. TNF-α levels were elevated compared to controls. TNF-α levels could be of great importance to the assessment of disease progression.
Frodge et al. [4] TNF-α levels in unstimulated whole saliva of 74 adults in a case-control clinical study. Salivary levels of TNF-α were higher in individuals with periodontal disease than in controls. TNF-α levels could facilitate the screening, diagnosis, and management of periodontal disease.
Rosa et al. [7] Analysis of proteome results using the OralOme database. TNF-α proposed to be promising but data are scarce. Further quantitative proteomic studies are needed.
Noh et al. [20] Quantification TNF-α levels of patients with periodontitis. TNF-α expression consistently high. Measurement of TNF-α may be beneficial in the identification of patients with periodontitis.
Kato et al. [21] Determine the effect of TNF-α on invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival epithelial cells. Invasion of P. gingivalis augmented by stimulation with TNF-α and inhibited by treatment with an antibody to TNF receptor-1. Involvement of TNF-α in the onset of periodontal diseases.
Liao et al. [22] Simulate the expression of TNF-α of periodontal tissues in rat periodontitis model. TNF-α expression of the periodontitis group was significantly higher. TNF-α expression reached higher levels than control groups.
Singh et al. [23] Evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking on salivary levels of TNF-α in patients with chronic periodontitis. Data revealed higher levels of TNF-α in diabetic subjects followed by smokers, and chronic periodontitis group. Diabetes and smoking exacerbated salivary levels of TNF-α in chronic periodontitis cases.