Study Patient Implant no. Guide
system 		Rx Jaw Smoking
habit 		Surgical technique Deviation Dev Deviation
according to
jaw
(mean [SD]) 		Deviation
according to
surgical technique
(mean [SD]) 		Deviation
according to
smoking habit
(mean [SD])
Apical
deviation
(mm) 		Coronal
deviation
(mm) 		Ang
(°)
Mean (SD) Maxilla Mandible Fixed Non-fixed Yes No
Van et al. [4] 16 75 Simplant CBCT Maxilla
and
mandible 		- Fixed 1.1 (0.53) 0.87 (0.5) 2.79 (1.47) - - - - - - -
Ochi et al. [5] 15 30 Nobelbiocare CBCT Mandible - Fixed 1.08 (0.47) 0.89 (0.44) - - - - - - - -
Cassetta et al. [6] 11 95 Simplant CT Maxilla Yes (6)/
no (5) 		Fixed (8)/
non-fixed (3) 		2.15 (0.81) 1.65 (0.56) 4.62 (2.74) - - 2.11 (0.75) 2.22 (0.91) 2.28 (0.84) 2.04 (0.79) 2.11 (0.75)
- - 1.66 (0.57 1.64 (0.56) 1.8 (0.51) 1.52 (0.58 1.66 (0.57)
- - 4.1 (2.43) 5.44 (3.02) 4.41 (3) 4.79 (2.52) 4.1 (2.43)
Cassetta et al. [21] 28 225 Simplant CT Maxilla
and
mandible 		Yes (14)/
no (14) 		Fixed (18)/
non-fixed (10) 		2.19 (0.83) 1.68 (0.6) 4.67 (2.68) AD
(mm) 		2.12 (0.78) 2.25 (0.88) 2.09 (0.75) 2.26 (0.89) 2.27 (0.83) 2.08 (0.8)
CD
(mm) 		1.68 (0.51) 1.64 (0.71) 1.66 (0.58) 1.68 (0.6) 1.83 (0.58) 1.54 (0.56)
Ang
(°) 		4.36 (2.9) 5.46 (2.03) 4.09 (2.4) 5.62 (2.8) 4.5 (2.87) 4.92 (2.52)
D'haese et al. [22] 13 77 Astra Tech AB CT Maxilla Yes (5)/
no (8) 		Fixed 1.13 (0.52) 0.91 (0.44) 2.6 (1.61) - - - - - - -
Cassetta et al. [23] 5
exp 		37 3Diemme CT Maxilla
and
mandible 		No Fixed 0.67 (0.34) 0.6 (0.25) 3.21 (1.57) - - - - - - -
5
inexp 		33 1.02 (0.44) 0.75 (0.18) 3.07 (2.7) - - - - - - -

Ang = angulation; Dev = deviation; exp = inexperienced; inexp = inexperienced; Rx = radiological technique; CT = computer topography; CBCT = cone-beam computer topography; SD = standard deviation; AD = apical deviation; CD = coronal deviation.