Table 2. | Summary of data extraction |
| Study | Year of publication | Study design | Age of patients (years) | Patients per group | Fixation method |
Length of IMF post treatment |
Frequency of follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McGoldrick et al. [8] | 2019 |
Retrospective case series |
3 - 15 | 44 | Conservative (32) or IMF (12) | 7 - 10 days | The median follow-up period was 196 days (89% completed follow-up) |
| Strobl et al. [9] | 1999 |
Retrospective case series |
2.5 - 9.75 | 55 | Conservative | At 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 weeks post-traumatically and then yearly until the growth period is complete (100%) | |
| Aksoyler et al. [10] | 2021 |
Retrospective case series |
6 - 16 | 6 | Elastic IMF + open reduction | 10 to 14 days | 12 to 18 months (100%) |
| Kim and Nam [11] | 2015 |
Retrospective case series |
4 - 12 | 11 |
Percutaneous K - wire and elastic IMF.
Closed reduction using threaded Kirschner wire inserted percutaneously under C - arm fluoroscopy and the use of external rubber traction) |
3 weeks and physiotherapy was initiated.
The external rubber traction and threaded Kirschner wire were removed within 3 to 4 weeks. All patients received a liquid diet for 3 weeks and then a soft diet for at least 2 weeks |
24 to 42 months (mean 29.3 months) (100%) |
| Choi et al. [12] | 2005 |
Retrospective case series |
3 - 15 | 11 | Conservative | 1 to 6 years (mean 3.27 years) (100%) | |
| Yadav et al. [13] | 2021 |
Retrospective case series |
≤ 12 | 41 | Conservative (28), IMF (5), ORIF + IMF (8) | 1 - 2 weeks | 1 year (100%) |
| Li et al. [14] | 2021 | Retrospective cohort | < 12 | 84 | ORIF or IMF alone | 4 - 6 weeks | 1, 3, and 6 months (clinical and CT assessment) (100%) |
| Vesnaver et al. [15] | 2020 |
Retrospective case series |
1.5 - 14 | 7 | ORIF (6) or conservative (1 - no fixation was performed because the greenstick fracture was completely stable after open reduction) | IMF was never used |
1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, and then yearly thereafter.
Completed follow-up ranged from 15 months to 6 years after surgery (100%) |
| Cooney et al. [16] | 2020 |
Retrospective case series |
2 - 15 | 49 | Conservative or MMF | Unspecified ('short period') | The median follow-up time was 12 weeks (range 1 to 133 weeks) (88%) |
| Liu et al. [17] | 2014 |
Retrospective case series |
4 - 8 | 30 | Occlusal splints | Occlusal splint worn for 3 to 6 months | 1 to 6 years (mean 3.5) (100%) |
| Wu et al. [18] | 2012 |
Retrospective case series |
3.5 - 11 | 13 | IMF + occlusal splints | After 4 weeks, the screws and occlusal splint were removed | 3, 6, 12, 24 months, and more (mean period of 28.6 months) (100%) |
| Theologie - Lygidakis et al. [19] | 2016 | Retrospective cohorta | 2 - 16 | 84 | Conservative (22), IMF (39), IMF and occlusal splint (19) and ORIF (4) | IMF for 1 week in children up to 10 years of age and for a maximum of 2 weeks in older children |
Initially, every 15 days for 2 months, every month for 4 months, and every 3 months afterward for 6 to 12 months.
Then late follow-up for 14 months to 11 years post op. 46.57% attended with a mean follow-up period of 4.4 years. The mean age of patients at follow-up was 14.1 years |
| Zhang et al. [20] | 2021 |
Retrospective case series |
4 - 16 | 9 | ORIF (9) | No IMF. Soft diet for > 1 month and functional jaw exercises daily | > 5 years with mean follow-up time 69.3 months (100%) |
| Hovinga et al. [21] | 1999 |
Retrospective case series |
3 - 16 | 25 |
IMF (5) or conservative (20, of which 4 required subsequent corrective orthodontics).
In 4 patients, subsequent orthodontic treatment was required |
2 weeks |
> 5 years (100%).
Max follow-up 24.5 years postoperatively |
| Zhao et al. [22] | 2014 |
Retrospective case series |
3 - 16 | 40 | Occlusal splints | Removable occlusal splint worn for 1 to 3 months, accompanied by functional exercises |
1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, and then once a year (100%).
Range: 14 months to 4 years post splint removal |
| Güven and Keskin [24] | 2001 |
Retrospective case series |
4 - 11 | 8 | IMF with custom made archbars | 12 - 17 days IMF |
3 to 6 years. Mean follow-up was 4.7 years.
(100%) |
| Schiel et al. [25] | 2013 |
Retrospective case series |
7 - 15 | 6 | ORIF (5 endoscopic transoral, 1 preauricular access) | - | Follow-up computed tomograms were obtained 6 and 18 months postoperatively. 100% completed follow-up of 18 to 35 months (median, 24.5 months) |
| Thorén et al. [26] | 2001 |
Retrospective case series |
3.1 - 15.6 | 26 | Conservative (11) or IMF (7) | IMF for 10 to 24 days (mean, 17 days) |
4.8 to 16.4 years (mean, 8.6 years).
18 patients (69%) completed follow-up |
| Landes et al. [27] | 2008 | Retrospective cohort | < 14 | 24 | Conservative (13) or ORIF (11) |
2 weeks IMF with 4 IMF screws and 1.5 mm elastics.
Patients requiring conservative treatment younger than 12 years had guided occlusion by a removable orthodontic appliance for an average of 3 months to spare the tooth buds a traumatization by set screw insertion |
Follow-up was intended at 12, 24, and 60 months.
19 (79%) patients presented for follow-up immediately. After 1 year, 11 patients (58%) presented for follow-up; after 2 years, 4 (21%) patients, and after 5 years, 4 (21%) patients presented for follow-up |
aHowever, not really a comparative and more of a large case series as late follow-up excludes those condyle fractures requiring surgery, so only records for non-surgical management..
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