Study Study design Gender Affected tissue/organ Drug use duration Drug withdrawal Clinical symptoms Diagnostics
Hussain et al. [8] Case report Male Left hand and wrist Not reported Not reported Skin ulcers with purulent exudation, cardiac arrhythmia, deep vein thrombosis Clinical examination; blood tests, electrocardiography, ultrasound
Hakobayan and Poghosyan [9] Case report Male Maxilla, mandible and surrounding soft tissues 1.5 years 8 months Cutaneous fistulas with purulent exudation, opening in the submandibular areas; partially exposed left upper jaw and fully exposed lower jaw; exposed bone in yellowish grey colour and covered with grey plaques; empty socket with purulent exudation; pale oral mucosa with hyperaemic areas Clinical and radiological examination (the latter was not presented)
Poghosyan et al. [11] Case series: 40 Male: 39, female: 1 Maxilla: 11, mandible: 21, both: 8 Not reported ≥ 1 month Exposed necrotic bone in yellow-grey colour with grey plaques, empty socket, purulent exudate, inflamed mucosa, fistulas Clinical examination, tests for hepatitis B, C, and HIV, histopathological examination, radiographs
Babkova et al. [14] Case series: 108 Male: 97, female: 11 Facial skull. Upper jaw: 34, lower jaw: 49, both: 25 2 months to 10 years Non stated Gingival recessions, exposed alveolar ridge, greyish or yellowish-brown bone Clinical examination; microbiological tests; anteroposterior skull X-ray; OPG; MSCT; CBCT; radionuclide bone scintigraphy
Ramishvili, et al. [17] Case report Male Right distal region of mandible 6 years No Unpleasant taste, spontaneous teeth loss, swelling, exposed alveolar ridge, purulent discharge, restricted jaw mobility, pain, paraesthesia, sub-febrile temperature, pathological fracture Clinical and radiological examination, blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, electrocardiography, histopathological examination
Hakobyan and Poghosyan [22] Case report Male Maxilla, surrounding oral mucosa, and maxillary sinus 1.5 years 5 months Partially exposed right maxilla with yellowish-grey colour and grey plaques; empty sockets filled with pus; pale oral mucosa with hyperaemic areas; purulent exudation through the gingival sulci and mobile teeth Clinical examination and CT
Hakobyan and Poghosyan [23] Case 1 Male: 3 Right midface and maxilla 1 year 14 months Skin fistulas; exposed alveolar ridge; mobile teeth; inflamed mucosa Clinical examination, CBCT
Case 2 Not reported Left midface 2 years 1 year Zygomatic bone exposure; soft tissue defect with a purulent exudation Clinical examination, CBCT
Case 3 Male Right midface and alveolar ridge bilaterally 3 years 8 months Extraoral edema; exposed alveolar ridge; mobile teeth; inflamed mucosa Clinical examination, CBCT
Hakobyan et al. [24] Case series: 17 Male Maxilla: 1, mandible: 10,
both: 6 		5 to 72 months 1 to 15
months 		Not reported C-terminal telopeptide tests
Hakobyan and Poghosyan [25] Case series: 24 Not reported Distal mandible 6 to 36 months 10 to 48 months Exposed bone with grey-yellow colour and inflamed soft tissues; purulent discharge; pain Not specified
Haskin et al. [26] Case report Female Both forearms and hands Once 12 months Non-healing ulcers, necrosis, pain, edema, purulent discharge, unpleasant smell, Clinical examination, histopathological examination; contrast-enhanced CT
Ghazawi and Beecker [27] Case report Male Legs Not reported Not reported Leg necrotic ulcers with black scale, pain Histopathological examination; microbiological test
Thekkemuriyi et al. [28] Case report Male Left thigh 6 to 7
months 		Not reported Necrotic ulcers, pain, swelling, auto-amputated little finger Not reported
Ispiryan et al. [29] Case series: 50 Male: 41, female: 9 Maxilla ± zygomatic bone ± floor of orbit ≥ 1 year ≤ 3 months Exposed bone for at least 2 months, extraoral and/or intraoral fistulas with purulent discharge, unpleasant smell, pain, swelling, malocclusion Clinical examination, urinalysis, standard and biochemistry blood tests, microbiological tests, skull radiography, OPG, CT, scales for pain and edema assessments
Poghosyan and Hakobyan [30] Case report Not reported Left maxilla, zygomatic bone and lateral border of the orbit, skull base 4 years 3 years Defect of the soft tissue in the infraorbital area, exposed lateral border of the orbit, diplopia, exposed jaw bone intraorally with an OAC Clinical examination, CT
Sorrentino et al. [31] Case report Male Both forearms, heart, brain, lungs, liver, lymph nodes Not reported Not reported Necrotic ulcerations on the forearms, dyspnea, sweating, tachycardia, cardiac arrest Autopsy

OPG = orthopantomogram; CT = computer tomography; MSCT = multi-slice computer tomography; CBCT = cone beam computer tomography; OAC = oroantral communication.