Study Year of
publication 		Study design Patient Orthodontic procedure and anchorage Intervention method Intervention location Control
No. Gender
(M/F) 		Age (years)
Salman et al. [7] 2014 Split-mouth RCT 15 5/10 21.7
(17 to 28) 		Maxillary canine retraction KaVo laser device (using special hand piece with fiberoptic delivery system)
Er:YAG laser (parameters for bone ablation and another type of hand piece in non-contact mode with constant water spray irrigation) 		Between the canine and the second premolar, buccally 4 circular holes were made (2 to 3 mm apart, 1.5 mm in diameter, about 3 mm depth) Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Mahmoudzadeh et al. [8] 2020 Split-mouth RCT 12 9/3 18.91
(SD 3.87) 		Maxillary canine retraction done with MBT brackets with 0.022 x 0.028-inch slots and 0.016 x 0.022-inch SS wire with 9-mm NiTi coil springs delivering 150 g force.
First molar used as anchorage 		Er,Cr:YSGG laser (3.5 W, 30 Hz, H' mode, 40% air/80% water) with MZ5 tip (500 µm) Vertical buccal incisions, 1 mm below the alveolar crest and parallel to the mesial and distal root surfaces, extended to the mucogingival junction (2 to 3 mm deep) Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Alfawal et al. [9] 2018 Split-mouth RCT 17 5/12 17.47
(SD 3.3) 		Maxillary canine retraction done with MBT brackets (0.022-inch slots), 0.019 x 0.025-inch SS wire, and NiTi closed-coil springs delivering 150 g force.
First molar used as anchorage 		Er:YAG laser with R14C handpiece and 1.3 x 8 mm tip at 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 2 W; then 200 mJ, 12 Hz, 3 W for cortical perforations, under water–air spray cooling in non-contact mode (tip 1 to 2 mm from tissue) Five buccal gingival perforations between upper canine and second premolar, each 1.3 mm wide, 1.5 to 2 mm apart, and 3 mm deep Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Jaber et al. [15] 2022 Split-mouth RCT 18 7/11 16.9
(SD 2.5) 		Maxillary canine retraction with MBT brackets (0.022-inch), 0.019 x 0.025-inch SS wire, and elastic chains from first molar to canine brackets delivering 150 g force.
Titanium mini-screws used as anchorage 		Er:YAG laser: gingival application with 2062 handpiece (200 mJ, 10 Hz), then cortical bone perforations with 2060 handpiece (200 mJ, 15 Hz) directed through pilot beam on prepared gingival sites Eight buccal gingival perforations (1 mm width, 3 mm depth): four at first premolar extraction sites and four around the evaluated canine Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Toodehzaeim et al. [16] 2024 Split-mouth RCT 12 5/7 15 to 30 Maxillary canine retraction done with MBT brackets with 0.022 x 0.028-inch slots and 0.019 x 0.025-inch SS wire with NiTi coil springs delivering 150 g force.
First molar used as anchorage 		Er:YAG laser at 2 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz, MSP mode with air/water spray; then 3 W, 200 mJ, 12 Hz, QSP mode for cortical bone perforation Buccally, midway between canine and second premolar, three perforations were made with 2 to 3 mm cortical bone incision Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Bakr et al. [17] 2023 Split-mouth RCT 14 2/12 20.4
(SD 2.5) 		Maxillary canine retraction done with MBT brackets (0.022-inch), 0.017 x 0.025 SS wire and 9-mm closed-coil springs from canine to first molar delivering 150 g force.
Titanium mini-screws used as anchorage 		Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm, MZ8 tip 800 µm x 6 mm) at 2.5 W, 40 Hz, 62.5 mJ, H-mode, 20 air:40 water; for bone, 4.5 W, 40 Hz, 112.5 mJ, H-mode, same air/water ratio Using a custom guide, the first hole was made 6 mm above the bracket slot, with three mesial and three distal holes (2 mm apart) parallel to the canine root, each 3 mm deep into medullary bone to enhance bleeding Maxillary canine retraction without intervention
Chauhan et al. [18] 2022 Split-mouth RCT 15 - 15 to 30 Maxillary canine retraction with ROTH PEA 0.018-inch, rigid SS arch wire (0.016 x 0.022-inch), NiTi closed coil springs of 9 mm length with force of 150 g for both sides Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm)
3 W (QSP mode, Energy = 200 mJ, water and air sprays and pulse frequency = 15 Hz) 		Interproximal area between right maxillary canine and first premolar, four holes diameter 1.5 mm, distal to the canine Maxillary canine retraction without intervention

RCT = randomized controlled trial; M = male; F = female; MBT brackets = McLaughlin, Bennett, Trevisi brackets; N/A = not applicable.