Study Primary outcome and measurement tool Follow-up
times 		Canine retraction rate
(mm/month) 		Secondary outcomes and measurement tools Canine rotation rate
(degrees/month) 		Molar movement rate
(mm/month) 		Conclusions
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Salman et al. [7] Canine movement rate.
Dental casts 		T0 = initial;
T1 = 6 weeks 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 1.63
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.83 		Gingival sulcus depth measured with a periodontal probe.
Pulp vitality tested using an electric pulp tester 		N/A N/A Flapless laser assisted corticotomy can be considered for acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement in humans
Mahmoudzadeh et al. [8] Canine movement rate measured on plaster model of 3D superimposition (Maestro3D Dental Scanner MDS500 - AGE Solutions; Pisa, Italy) T0 = initial;
T1 = 1 month 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 1.95 (0.22)
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.79 (0.12) 		Canine rotation - angle between the median raphe and the line through the mesial and distal edges of the canine.
Molar anchorage loss - the distance between the mesial contact point of the permanent first molar and the rugae line that indicates the molar movement 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 5.66 (1.13)
Control:
T0-T1 = 2.54 (0.71) 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 0.57 (0.19)
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.68 (0.18) 		FLC is an effective, minimally invasive technique to increase the speed of canine retraction
Alfawal et al. [9] Rate of canine retraction measured from digital photographs of plaster models using the AudaxCeph® software (Orthodontic software suite - Audax Ltd.; Ljubljana, Slovenia) T0 = initial;
T1 = first month;
T2 = second month;
T3 = third month;
T4 = fourth month 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 1.57 (0.36);
T1-T2 = 1.25 (0.3);
T2-T3 = 1.06 (0.28);
T3-T4 = 0.89 (0.16)
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.79 (0.11);
T1-T2 = 0.85 (0.14);
T2-T3 = 0.96 (0.25);
T3-T4 = 0.9 (0.16) 		Canine rotation - the angle between the mid-palatal suture and the line passing through the mesial and distal margins of upper canine.
Molar anchorage loss - the distance between medial end of third palatal rugae and the central fossa of maxillary first permanent molar 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 6.88 (0.37)
T1-T2 = 5.82 (2.26)
T2-T3 = 5 (2.04)
T3-T4 = 3.39 (1.62)
Control:
T0-T1 = 6.11 (2.2);
T1-T2 = 5.59 (2.53);
T2-T3 = 4.75 (2.23);
T3-T4 = 2.53 (0.99) 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 0.61 (0.2);
T1-T2 = 0.5 (0.21);
T2-T3 = 0.49 (0.2);
T3-T4 = 0.32 (0.22)
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.69 (0.2);
T1-T2 = 0.65 (0.27);
T2-T3 = 0.54 (0.21);
T3-T4 = 0.33 (0.19) 		Laser-assisted flapless corticotomy doubled canine retraction speed in the first month and increased it 1.5x in the second month
Jaber et al. [15] Canine retraction rate measured as the distance from first molar labial hook to canine bracket hook using a digital Boley gauge T0 = initial;
T1 = first week;
T2 = second week;
T3 = fourth week;
T4 = eighth week;
T5 = twelfth week 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 0.85 (0.21)
T1-T2 = 0.72 (0.2)
T2-T3 = 1.21 (0.35)
T3-T4 = 0.4 (0.18)
T4-T5 = 0.23 (0.1)
Control:
T0-T1= 0.34 (0.16);
T1-T2 = 0.38 (0.15);
T2-T3 = 0.69 (0.34);
T3-T4 = 0.22 (0.08);
T4-T5 = 0.26 (0.1) 		N/A N/A N/A Laser-assisted flapless corticotomy appeared effective in accelerating canine retraction, achieving a rate 2.5 times faster than the conventional method
Toodehzaeim et al. [16] Magnitude and speed of canine retraction measured on plaster model of 3D superimposition (Maestro3D Dental Scanner MDS500 - AGE Solutions; Pisa, Italy) T0 = initial;
T1 = first month;
T2 = second month;
T3 = third month;
T4 = fourth month 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 2.36 (0.3);
T1-T2 = 1.58 (0.41);
T2-T3 = 0.81 (0.37);
T3-T4 = 0.4 (0.15)
Control:
T0-T1 = 1.05 (0.64);
T1-T2 = 0.8 (0.4);
T2-T3 = 0.66 (0.27);
T3-T4 = 0.51 (0.24) 		N/A N/A N/A Flapless Er: YAG laser corticotomy significantly enhanced canine retraction with no adverse effect on other parameters and no patients' complication
Bakr et al. [17] Rate of canine retraction measured on plaster model of 3D superimposition (3Shape® Orthoanalyzer software - 3Shape A/S; Copenhagen, Denmark) T0 = initial;
T1 = first month;
T2 = second month;
T3 = third month 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 0.62 (0.15);
T1-T2 = 1.01 (0.68);
T2-T3 = 0.84 (0.36)
Control:
T0-T1= 0.51 (0.22);
T1-T2 = 0.91 (0.41);
T2-T3 = 1.13 (0.6) 		Canine rotation - the angle between a line connecting the distal and mesial contact points of canines and the sagittal plane
Molar anchorage loss - the distance between the AP plane and the mesiobuccal cusp tip of molars 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 2.89 (1.01)
Control:
T0-T1 = 3.49 (2.29) 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 0.33 (0.15)
Control:
T0-T1 = 0.46 (0.35) 		The FLC was unable to accelerate the rate of upper canine retraction
Chauhan et al. [18] Rate of maxillary canine movement measured directly on plaster models with a digital vernier calliper T0 = initial;
T1 = completion of canine retraction
(when canine contacted
the second premolar) 		FLC:
T0-T1 = 1.43 (0.11) Control:
T0-T1 = 1.22 (0.11) 		Mean distance travelled by canine measured linearly on casts:
T0-T1 = 6.97 (SD 0.55) mm (FLC);
T0-T1 = 5.87 (SD 0.55) mm (Control).
Pain perception assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale at 3 h
and 24 h after procedure 		N/A N/A Use of laser in cases of individual maxillary canine retraction resulted in a higher rate of canine distalization and shorter duration of overall treatment, with no major complications after laser-assisted alveolar corticotomies

AP plane = antero-posterior plane; 3D = three-dimensional; FLC = flapless laser corticotomy; N/A = not applicable.