Table 1. | PICOS guidelines. |
| Patient and population (P) | Titanium specimens. |
| Intervention (I) | Rough surfaces. |
| Comparator or control group (C) | Smooth surfaces. |
| Outcomes (O) | Biofilm formation. |
| Study design (S) | Non-randomized prospective clinical studies. |
| Focused question | Are rough surfaces more susceptible to early biofilm formation when compared to smoother surfaces on titanium specimens? |
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