Q1 Is it clear in the study what is the 'cause' and what is the 'effect'
Q2 Were the participants included in any comparisons similar?
Q3 Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest?
Q4 Was there a control group?
Q5 Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure?
Q6 Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed?
Q7 Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way?
Q8 Were outcomes measured in a reliable way?
Q9 Was appropriate statistical analysis used?