Study Materials and Methods Secondary outcome measures Conclusions
TVSP/
TSP 		Assessment
methods 		Treatment planning time
(minutes) 		Operating theatre time
(minutes) 		Complications Financial
expenses 		PROMs
Van Hemelen et al. [26] TVSP: 31 Total time spent on treatment planning.
Patient appreciation scale questionnaire 		38 NR NR NR Patient appreciation scale questionnaire TVSP associated with increased treatment planning time
4.65
TSP: 35 20 4.67
Bengtsson et al. [27] TVSP: 28 Time for radiographic examination/preparation/planning.
Financial expenses OHIP-49, JFLS and OES questionnaire 		34.1 NR NR 156.1 $USa OHIP-49 JFLS OES Similar treatment planning time.
TVSP associated with lower financial expenses.
Comparable improvement PROMs
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
53.98 26.67 33.28 9.97 35.07 59.72
TSP: 29 32.2 211.9 $US 61.26 37.64 37.54 16,03 38.33 60.5
Schneider et al. [28] TVSP: 9 Intraoperative time from start to end.
Fixed cost including laboratory device 		NR 162 (96 - 215)b NR 884.0 € NR TVSP associated with shorter intraoperative time.
TVSP associated with higher cost
TSP: 12 202 (164 - 304) 481.8 €
Hanafy et al. [29] TVSP: 9 Planning related complications.
Intraoperative time from maxillary incision to fixation 		113 49 No planning-related
complications 		780 $US All patients were satisfied with the
clinical outcome 		TVSP associated with shorter treatment planning time and intraoperative time.
TVSP associated with higher cost
TSP: 9 192 72 280 $US
Chen et al. [31] TVSP: 21 Duration of the operation from Le Fort I osteotomy to maxilla fixation NR 39.1 (SD 15) NR NR NR No difference in intraoperative time
TSP: 20 41.7 (SD 13.1)

aP < 0.001 (Fisher's exact test); bP = 0.041 (unpaired Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test).
JFLS = jaw functional limitation scale; NR = not reported; OES = orofacial aesthetic scale; OHIP = oral health impact profile; OHRQOL = oral health-related quality of life; PROMs = patient-reported outcome measures; SD = standard deviation; TSP = two-dimensional surgical planning; TVSP = three-dimensional virtual surgical planning.