Table 4. | National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for observational study by de Oliveira et al. [43] |
| Checklist | Yes | No | N/A |
| 1. Was the study question or objective clearly stated? | X | ||
| 2. Were eligibility/selection criteria for the study population prespecified and clearly described? | X | ||
| 3. Were the participants in the study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinical population of interest? | X | ||
| 4. Were all eligible participants that met the prespecified entry criteria enrolled? | X | ||
| 5. Was the sample size sufficiently large to provide confidence in the findings? | X | ||
| 6. Was the test/service/intervention clearly described and delivered consistently across the study population? | X | ||
| 7. Were the outcome measures prespecified, clearly defined, valid, reliable, and assessed consistently across all study participants? | X | ||
| 8. Were the people assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants' exposures/interventions? | X | ||
| 9. Was the loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? Were those lost to follow-up accounted for in the analysis? | X | ||
|
10. Did the statistical methods examine changes in outcome measures from before to after the intervention? Were statistical tests done that provided p values for the pre-to-post changes? |
X | ||
| 11. Were outcome measures of interest taken multiple times before the intervention and multiple times after the intervention (i.e., did they use an interrupted time-series design)? | X | ||
| 12. If the intervention was conducted at a group level (e.g., a whole hospital, a community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of individual-level data to determine effects at the group level? | X |
N/A = not applicable. |
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