Study Year of
publication 		Study
design 		Total patients/ flaps Gender Age
(years) 		Flap indication Type of defect Flap used
Mattine and Payne [1] 2022 Retrospective study 17/17 M: 11; F: 6 65
(range 42 to 99) 		Malignancy reconstruction: 14;
ORN: 1; benign pathology: 2 		Upper third: 2;
midface/orbital: 5;
lower third/intraoral: 10 		RFFF 9; DCIA 3; ALT 2; other 3
Doscher et al. [5] 2015 Retrospective study 31/32 M: 21; F: 10 52.75 (SD 7.652) Malignancy reconstruction; benign pathology; infection Upper third: 6;
midface/orbital: 19;
lower third/intraoral: 7 		ALT: 10; RFFF: 8; VRAM: 7; FFF: 3;
serratus: 3; other: 1
Sudirman et al. [6] 2019 Retrospective study 60/60 M: 55; F: 5 51.8
(range 32 to 72) 		Malignancy reconstruction: 60 - ALT: 48; AMT: 6; MSAP: 2; RFFF: 4
Sousa et al. [7] 2023 Randomized clinical trial 12/12 M: 7; F: 5 - Malignancy reconstruction: 9;
other: 3 		- ALT: 6; RFFF: 3; LD: 2; VRAM: 1
Tan et al. [9] 2014 Prospective study 60/60 - - - - -
Las et al. [15] 2016 Retrospective study 56/56 - - - - -
Groth et al. [16] 2020 Retrospective study 13/13 M: 8; F: 5 50
(range 17 to 76) 		Malignancy: 11;
meningioma: 1;
frontal sinus mucocele: 1 		Upper third: 3;
midface/orbital: 10 		ALT: 5; VRAM: 7; FFF: 1
Bouquet et al. [17] 2024 Retrospective study 94/94 M: 66; F: 28 52.2
(range 4 to 92) 		Malignancy reconstruction: 33;
malformation: 3; ORN: 7;
sequel: 23; trauma: 16;
other: 12 		Upper third: 10;
midface/orbita: 58;
lower third/intraoral: 26 		RFFF: 30; scapula: 24; LD: 13; serratus: 14; FF: 5; gracilis: 4; other: 4
Vos et al. [18] 2024 Retrospective study 117/117 - - - - -
Ritschl et al. [19] 2022 Retrospective study 11/11 M: 7; F: 4 70
(range 49 to 78) 		Malignancy reconstruction: 1;
ORN: 6; reconstruction: 4 		Lower third/ intraoral: 11 FFF: 6; RFFF: 5
Meleca et al. [20] 2021 Randomized clinical trial 11/11 M: 6; F: 5 63.8 (SD 8.3) ORN: 11 Lower third/intraoral: 11 ALT: 11
Li et al. [21] 2019 Retrospective study 44/44 - - Malignancy reconstruction; trauma Midface/orbital: 44 FFF: 26; RFFF: 2; ALT: 14; other: 2
Revenaugh et al. [22] 2015 Retrospective clinical trial 33/33 - - Mostly malignancy reconstruction - -
Halvorson et al. [23] 2009 Retrospective study 28/28 M: 22; F: 6 57
(range 13 to 86) 		Malignancy reconstruction; other - VRAM: 11; LD: 8; RFFF: 4; ALT: 3; other: 2
Shimizu et al. [24] 2009 Retrospective study 15/15 M: 14; F: 1 56.33 (SD 7.407) Malignancy reconstruction: 14;
ORN: 1 		Upper third: 1;
midface/orbital: 1;
lower third/intraoral: 13 		ALT: 6; RFFF: 5; FFF: 2; other: 2
Hansen et al. [25] 2007 Prospective study 43/45 - Range: 2 to 91 - Upper third: 19;
midface/orbital: 22;
skull base: 4 		VRAM: 23; RFFF: 9; LD: 8; scapula: 4; serratus: 1
Nahabedian et al. [26] 2004 Retrospective study 22/22 - - - - -
Siebert et al. [27] 1996 Retrospective study 57/60 - - Facial asymmetry - Parascupular: 38; SIEF: 6; other: 16
Awwad et al. [28] 2021 Retrospective study 12/12 - - Mostly malignancy - -
Muresan et al. [29] 2012 Retrospective study 15/17 M: 10; F: 5 26
(range 18 to 40) 		Malignancy: 7; congenital: 4;
trauma: 2; other:2 		- Free groin flap: 17
Saadeh et al. [30] 2006 Retrospective study 8/14 - Range: 4 to 19 Facial asymmetry Hemifacial: 14 Parascapular free flap: 14

SND = selective neck dissection; N/A = not available; ALT = anterolateral thigh flap; RFFF = radial forearm free flap; FFF = fibula free flaps; LD = latissimus dorsi flap; VRAM = vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap; SIEF = superficial inferior epigastric flap; AMT = anteromedial thigh flap; ALTFL = anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous flap; M = male; F = female.