Q1
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Is it clear in the study what is the 'cause' and what is the 'effect' (i.e. there is no confusion about which variable comes first)?
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Q2
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Were the participants included in any comparisons similar?
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Q3
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Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest?
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Q4
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Was there a control group?
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Q5
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Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure?
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Q6
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Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed?
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Q7
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Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way?
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Q8
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Were outcomes measured in a reliable way?
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Q9
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Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
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