Component Description
Population (P) Adult patients aged 18 years or older with at least one functional dental implant
Intervention (I) Cigarette, electronic cigarette (vaping), or waterpipe smokers
Comparison (C) Non-smokers (individuals with no history of tobacco or nicotine product use)
Outcomes (O) Peri-implant soft and hard tissue health assessed by clinical parameters bleeding on probing, probing depth, plaque index, marginal bone loss (primary outcomes) and levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-1β (secondary outcome)
Study design (S) Clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and cross-sectional studies with a minimum patient sample size of 10