Table 11

Study	Plaque index (% / 0 - 3)				Probing depth > 4 mm (%)/mm				BOP (%)				MBL (mm)
Study	NS	CS	VS	WS	NS	CS	VS	WS	NS	CS	VS	WS	NS	CS	VS	WS
ArRejaie et al. [57]	29.7 (5.2)	56.4 (12.3)^a,c	43 (8.1)^a	NR	4.5 (0.7)	23.8 (2.7)^a	15.9 (1.4)^a	NR	39.8 (18)	18.4 (4.8)^a	14.7 (5.3)^a	NR	0.9 (0.3)	2.3 (1.2)^a,c	1.4 (0.9)^a	NR
AlQahtani et al. [58]	34.1 (14.7)	67.4 (7.5)^b	51.9 (10.2)^b	62.8 (5.1)^a	4.4 (0.6)	7.8 (1.2)^b,d	5.3 (1.5)^b	7 (1.1)^a,c	38.9 (19.6)	16.7 (3.9)^a	23.3 (5.1)^a	18.4 (2.5)^a	0.9 (0.3)	3.6 (0.5)^a,d	1.9 (0.9)^b	3.2 (0.6)^a,d
Al-Aali et al. [59]	47.6 (9.6)	NR	52.6 (11.9)	NR	4.5 (0.7)	NR	5.9 (1.4)^b	NR	39.8 (18.1)	NR	24.7 (5.3)^a	NR	0.9 (0.3)	NR	1.8 (0.9)^b	NR
Alqahtani et al. [60]	12.6 (1.1)	38.6 (3.9)^e	27.2 (2.4)^e	35.5 (3.4)^e	0.8 (0.1)	4.3 (0.2)^b	3.2 (0.3)^b	4.4 (0.5)^b	19.8 (1.3)	6.8 (1.2)^b	6.6 (1.3)^b	7.9 (1.8)^b	NR	NR	NR	NR
Sinha et al. [61]	48.46 (9.76)	NR	54.6 (10.9)	NR	4.65 (0.71)^b	NR	5.87 (1.42)^b	NR	37.82 (17.81)	NR	23.7 (5.3)^a	NR	0.93 (0.3)	NR	1.78 (0.9)^b	NR
Ali et al. [62]	0.4 (0.07)	2.7 (0.4)^f	NR	2.4 (0.2)^f	1.7 (0.2)	4.7 (0.4)^f	NR	4.5 (0.4)^f	NR	NR	NR	NR	Mesial: 0.3 (0.05)	Mesial: 2.7 (0.2)^f	NR	Mesial: 2.5 (0.4)^f
Ali et al. [62]	0.4 (0.07)	2.7 (0.4)^f	NR	2.4 (0.2)^f	1.7 (0.2)	4.7 (0.4)^f	NR	4.5 (0.4)^f	NR	NR	NR	NR	Distal: 0.2 (0.004)	Distal: 2.4 (0.3)^f	NR	Distal: 2.3 (0.2)^f
BinShabib et al. [63]	39.1 (4.5)	63.2 (6.9)^b	NR	57.3 (3.4)^b	5.1 (0.2)	7.5 (1.3)^b	NR	6.9 (1.1)^b	41.5 (2.7)	16.4 (3.5)^a	NR	20.4 (2.4)^a	4.1 (0.3)	6.4 (0.3)^b	NR	5.6 (0.4)^b
Al-Sowygh et al. [64]	22.2 (4.8)	NR	NR	36.5 (5.2)^b	4.8 (0.6)	NR	NR	15.3 (1.8)^b	32.5 (4.8)	NR	NR	8.6 (3.5)^b	Mesial: 0.6 (0.4)	NR	NR	Mesial: 2.5 (0.2)^b
Al-Sowygh et al. [64]	22.2 (4.8)	NR	NR	36.5 (5.2)^b	4.8 (0.6)	NR	NR	15.3 (1.8)^b	32.5 (4.8)	NR	NR	8.6 (3.5)^b	Distal: 0.8 (0.3)	NR	NR	Distal: 2.7 (0.1)^b
Alzami et al. [65]	1.2 (0.05)	NR	1.05 (0.08)^NS	NR	1.6 (0.03)	NR	1.8 (0.1)^NS	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Mesial: 1.05 (0.06)	NR	Mesial: 1.4 (0.04)^NS	NR
Alzami et al. [65]	1.2 (0.05)	NR	1.05 (0.08)^NS	NR	1.6 (0.03)	NR	1.8 (0.1)^NS	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Distal: 1.2 (0.07)	NR	Distal: 1.3 (0.05)^NS	NR

^aCompared to NS (P < 0.01), ^bcompared to NS (P < 0.05), ^ccompared to VS (P < 0.01), ^dcompared to VS (P < 0.05), ^ecompared to VS (P < 0.05) and NS (P < 0.05), ^fcompared to controls (P < 0.01), ^gcompared to group NS (P < 0.001).
CS = cigarette smokers; WS = waterpipe smokers; VS = vape smokers; NS = non-smokers; BOP = bleeding on probing; MBL = marginal bone loss; RBL = radiographic bone loss; NR= not represented; >SD = standard deviation.