Table 10

Study	IL-1β (pg/mL)				TNF-α (pg/mL)
	NS	CS	VS	WS	NS	CS	VS	WS
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
ArRejaie et al. [57]	36.91 (22.3)	246.53 (115.2)^a,c	196.23 (90.8)^c	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
AlQahtani et al. [58]	19.7 (22.3)	281.4 (13.2)^a	205.2 (230.7)^b	272.6 (15.9)^a	6.7 (8.1)	109.2 (20.5)^a	24.3 (32.4)^a	105.6 (22.7)^a
Al-Aali et al. [59]	19.7 (22.3)	NR	205.2 (230.7)^a	NR	6.7 (8.1)	NR	24.3 (32.4)^c	NR
Sinha et al. [61]	19.7 (22.3)	NR	205.2 (230.7)^a	NR	6.7 (8.1)	NR	24.3 (32.4)^c	NR

^aCompared to NS (P < 0.01), ^bcompared to NS (P < 0.05), ^ccompared to group NS (P < 0.001).
CS = cigarette smokers; WS = waterpipe smokers; VS = vape smokers; NS = non-smokers; IL-1β = interleukin-1β; NR= not represented; SD = standard deviation.