Variable RR (95% CI) of
mouthwash usea
Age (years)
75 + 1.00
65 - 74 0.91 (0.68, 1.22)
55 - 64 0.95 (0.72, 1.25)
45 - 54 1.06 (0.81, 1.40)
35 - 44 1.20 (0.93, 1.56)
25 - 34 1.44 (1.11, 1.88)
Education level
University/Postgraduate/Other 1.00
Secondary school or Technical College 1.27 (1.10, 1.46)
Smoking
Never smoked 1.00
Stopped smoking over 12 months ago 1.17 (1.01, 1.36)
Currently smoking or have stopped within the last 12 months 1.22 (1.05, 1.43)
Reasons for the last dental visit
Non-urgent treatment for teeth or gums or Dental check-up 1.00
Emergency treatment needed for teeth or gums, can't remember or other 1.23 (1.07, 1.41)
Tooth brushing frequency
Never or less than daily 1.00
Once a day 1.21 (0.83, 1.76)
Twice or more a day 1.53 (1.06, 2.22)
Flossing frequency
Never or less than once a month 1.00
Once every few days 1.34 (1.17, 1.55)
Daily 1.55 (1.31, 1.84)
Gum disease
No 1.00
Yes 1.21 (0.99, 1.48)

aFrom Cox regression model; all variable are entered simultaneously.