Patient and population (P) Healthy adult patients with atrophy of the posterior part of the maxilla following tooth loss, trauma, or congenitally missing tooth/teeth.
Intervention (I) Placement of standard-length implants in the atrophic posterior maxilla in conjunction with transcrestal maxillary sinus membrane elevation using osseodensification.
Comparator or control group (C) Placement of standard-length implants in the atrophic posterior maxilla following osteotome-mediated sinus floor elevation or maxillary sinus floor augmentation applying the lateral window technique.
Outcomes (O) Survival of suprastructures, survival of implants, duration of surgery, implant stability quotient, peri-implant marginal bone loss, complications, endo-sinus bone gain, bone density, and patient-reported outcome measures
Study design (S) Randomized controlled trials
Focused question Are there any differences in implant treatment outcome following transcrestal maxillary sinus membrane elevation using osseodensification compared with osteotome-mediated sinus floor elevation or maxillary sinus floor augmentation applying the lateral window technique?